The environmental impact of industrial waste is one of the most serious challenges facing the chemical process industries. From a focus on end-of-pipe treatment in the 1970s, chemical manufacturers have increasinglyimplemented pollution prevention policies in which pollutants are mitigated at the source or separated and recovered and then reused or sold. This book is the first to present systematic techniques for cost-effective pollution prevention, altering what has been an art that depends on experience and subjective opinion into a science rooted in fundamental engineering principles and process integration. Step-by-step procedures are presented that are widely applicable to the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, and metals industries. Various levels of sophistication ranging from graphical methods to algebraic procedures and mathematical optimization, numerous applications and case studies, and integrated software for optimizing waste recovery systems make Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools a must read for a wide spectrum of practicing engineers, environmental scientists, plant managers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in the areas of pollution prevention andprocess integration.Allows the reader to establish pollution-prevention targets for a process and then develop implementable, cost-effective solutionsContains step-by-step procedures that can be applied to environmental problems in a wide variety of process industriesIntegrates pollution prevention with other process objectivesAuthor is internationally recognized for pioneering work in developing mass integration science and technologyCompanion website provides access to software for design of waste recovery networks (MEN) and optimization (LINGO()..

Observers are digital algorithms that combine sensor outputs with knowledge of the system to provide results superior to traditional structures, which rely wholly on sensors. Observers have been used in selected industries for years, but most books explain them with complex mathematics. This book uses intuitive discussion, software experiments, and supporting analysis to explain the advantages and disadvantages of observers. If you are working in controls and want to improve your control systems, observers could be the technology you need and this book will give you a clear, thorough explanation of how they work and how to use them. Control systems and devices have become the most essential part of nearly all mechanical systems, machines, devices and manufacturing systems throughout the world. Increasingly the efficiency of production, the reliability of output and increased energy savings are a direct result of the quality and deployment of the control system. A modern and essential tool within the engineer's kit is the Observer which helps improve the performance and reduce the cost of these systems. George Ellis is the author of the highly successful Control System Design Guide (2nd Edition). Unlike most controls books, which are written by control theorists and academics, Ellis is a leading engineer, designer, author and lecturer working in industry directly with the users of industrial motion control systems. Observers in Control Systems is written for all professional engineers and is designed to be utilized without an in-depth background in control theory. This is a "real-world" book which will demonstrate how observers work and how they can improve your control system. It also shows how observers operate when conditions are not ideal and teaches the reader how to quickly tune an observer in a working system. Software Available on line: A free updated and enhanced version of the author's popular Visual ModelQ allows the reader to practice the concepts with Visual ModelQ models on a PC. Based on a virtual laboratory, all key topics are demonstrated with more than twenty control system models. The models are written in Visual ModelQ ,and are available on the Internet to every reader with a PC.* Teaches observers and Kalman filters from an intuitive perspective* Explains how to reduce control system susceptibility to noise* Shows how to design an adaptive controller based on estimating parameter variation using observersShows how to improve a control system's ability to reject disturbances* Key topics are demonstrated with PC-based models of control systems. The models are written in both MatLab® and ModelQ; models are available free of charge..

This publication has been written to honour the contribution to science and education made by the Distinguished Professor Emeritus Professor Schey on his eightieth birthday. The contributors to his book are among the countless researchers who have read, studied and learned from Professor Schey's work, which includes books, research monographs, invited papers, keynote papers, scientific journals and conferences. The topics include manufacturing, sheet and bulk metal forming and tribology, amongst others. The topics included in this book include: John Schey and value-added manufacturing; Surface finish and friction in cold-metal rolling; Direct observation of interface for tribology in metal forming; An examination of the coefficient of friction; Studies on micro plasto hydrodynamic lubrication in metal forming; Numerical simulation of sheet metal forming; Geometric and mechanics model of sheet forming; Modelling and optimisation of metal forming processes; The mathematical modelling of hot rolling steel; Identification of rheological and tribological parameters; Oxide behaviour in hot rolling; Friction, lubrication and surface response in wire drawing; and Modelling and control of temper rolling and skin pass rolling...

By detailing experimental and basic research, from premalignancy to fully invasive tumors, this book has wide applicability to all human carcinomas. No other group of human cancers is better positioned for the application of recently developed novel and targeted therapies, and this book uniquely presents the unusual opportunities tumors of the head and neck provide for clinical, translational, and basic science research. Cutting-edge and experimental treatment approaches are presented, along with future strategies and an evaluation of emerging technologies.Key Features* Presents a multi-disciplinary perspective from authorities in diverse fields* Addresses state-of-the art approaches in cancer research as well as other scientific opportunities in this field* Provides comprehensive yet easily comprehendible source of information..

Handbook of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials contains the knowledge that a mechanical or an electrical engineer needs when considering the use of magnetostrictive materials in a construction project. The book covers the physical origin of giant magnetostriction, its manufacturing and metallurgy, and grain related processes under operation. Comprehensive descriptions of useful models of design methods and tools are given, including the performance of devices and systems comprised of magnetostrictive materials, considering the electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal effects. The book covers all major characterization methods of giant magnetostrictive bulk materials, actuators, and systems. A structured inventory of current and emerging applications of giant magnetostrictive materials is given, covering areas such as sound and vibration sources, vibration control, motional control, material processing, and electromechanical converters. The final chapter offers an up-to-date review of the emerging giant magnetostrictive thin film technologies. The book also contains a market inventory with valuable contact information.Key Features* Offers all necessary information for the reader to decide on the applicability of giant magnetostrictive material in a construction* Allows readers to create their own computational design tools based on the model algorithms given in the book; specific programs are also proposed* Gives the reader numerous pieces of advice and hints regarding the further details of construction design, pre-and detail engineering * Provides the reader with information necessary to perform the needed experimental evaluation of materials and actuators in specific applications* Guides the reader through current and potential areas of successful applications of giant magnetostrive materials* Supplies the reader with the necessary contact information to act in the field of giant magnetostrictive materials applications..

The study of gender differences began in earnest in the 1970s and has since increased dramatically to infiltrate virtually all fields of study in the social and behavioral sciences. Along the way, it was discovered that while women very often think and behave differently than do men, industrialized societies cater to masculine perspectives. The "Psychology of Women" emerged as a field of study focusing on just those areas in which women most often butted against assumed roles. And similarly, in the 1990s, the "Psychology of Men" emerged to focus on the same issues for men.The Encyclopedia of Gender covers all three areas under one cover, discussing psychological differences in personality, cognition, and behavior, as well as biologically based differences and how those differences impact behavior. Coverage includes studies of these differences in applied settings such as education, business, the home, in politics, sports competition, etc. Key Features* Over 100 In-depth chapters by leading scholars in the psychology of women and gender* Addresses critical questions of similarities and differences in gendering across diverse groups, challenging myths about gender polarization and the "Venus/Mars" distinction* Broad coverage of topics from theory and method to development, personality, violence, sexuality, close relationships, work, health, and social policy* Sensitive attention to multicultural and cross-cultural research* Clearly written, readable, comprehensive, with helpful guides (outline, glossary, reference list)* Raises difficult questions related to power, inequality, ethics, and social justice* Challenges the reader to revise established"truths" and to seek further information* Maintains a feminist and woman-centered focus..

This book is the most authoritative encyclopedia ever prepared on dinosaurs and dinosaur science. In addition to entries on specific animals such as Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Velociraptor, the Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs covers reproduction, behavior, physiology, and extinction. The book is generously illustrated with many detailed drawings and photographs, and includes color pictures and illustrations that feature interpretations of the best known and most important animals. All alphabetical entries are cross-referenced internally, as well as at the end of each entry. The Encyclopedia includes up-to-date references that encourage the reader to investigate personal interests.Key Features* The most authoritative encyclopedia ever prepared on dinosaurs* Includes many detailed drawings, photographs and illustrations in both color and black-and-white* Contains comprehensively cross-referenced alphabetical entries with internal references, as well as references at the conclusion of each entry* Provides in-depth references, allowing readers to pursue independent interests* Includes sixteen plates and 35 color illustrations..

A Mathematical Introduction to Logic, Second Edition, offers increased flexibility with topic coverage, allowing for choice in how to utilize the textbook in a course. The author has made this edition more accessible to better meet the needs of today's undergraduate mathematics and philosophy students. It is intended for the reader who has not studied logic previously, but who has some experience in mathematical reasoning. Material is presented on computer science issues such as computational complexity and database queries, with additional coverage of introductory material such as sets.* Increased flexibility of the text, allowing instructors more choice in how they use the textbook in courses. * Reduced mathematical rigour to fit the needs of undergraduate students..

This book will be an excellent resource for engineers and researchers engaged in all aspects of fiber optics communication, such as, optoelectronics, equipment/system design, and manufacturing. The book is also a resource for graduate students and scholars interested in these rapidly growing fields.· Provides the reader with insight and understanding for key active optical components frequently being / to be used in the optical communication systems, essential building blocks of today's/next generation fiber optic networks· Allows engineers working in optical communication area, (from system to component) to understand the principle and mechanics of each key component they deal with for optical system design·Covers different laser diodes as transmitter and pumping sources, different modulators, and different photodetectors..

Viscoelastic Structures covers the four basic problems in the mechanics of viscoelastic solids and structural members: construction of constitutive models for the description of thermoviscoelastic behavior of polymers; mathematical modeling of manufacturing advanced composite materials; optimal-design of structural members and technological processes of their fabrication; and stability analysis for thin-walled structural members driven by time-varying loads. This book familiarizes the reader with state-of-the-art mathematical models for advanced materials and processes, and demonstrates their applications in modeling and simulating specific manufacturing processes. Viscoelastic Structures also demonstrates the effects of material, geometrical, and technological parameters on the characteristic features of viscoelastic structures.1Presents state-of-the-art mathematical models and methods which serve for the analysis of advanced technological processes 1Includes numerous examples to demonstrate theory which have not been included in previous literature 1Employs one consistent, user-friendly method to study a number of technological processes 1Features unique approach to aging materials 1Appendices cover background material on tensor calculus, kinematics with finite strains, stochastic differential equations, and evolutionary equations with operator coefficients..

Many laser applications depend on the ability of a particular laser to be frequency tunable. Among the many different types of frequency tunable lasers are: dye lasers, excimer lasers, and semiconductor lasers. Thisbook gives active researchers and engineers the practical information they need to choose an appropriate tunable laser for their particular applications.Key Features* Presents a unified and integrated perspective on tunable lasers* Includes sources spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from the UV to the FIR* Contains 182 figures and 68 tables* Provides coverage of optical parametric oscillators and tunable gas, liquid, solid state, and semiconductor lasers..

Chapters will provide self-contained treatment of the topic as much as possible to allow the reader to go directly to the appropriate chapter to deal with a particular topic of concern. This sharp focus is necessary to maintain the emphasis, and to make this a practical reference. The knowledge and experience will integrate aspects of laser oscillators, laser amplifiers, laser systems, engineering of rugged laser cavities, design and engineering of laser-based instrumentation, and design of highly reliable laser systems for material processing applications.* Provides a sharp focus practical aspects of reference material.* Offers an approach that will be simple, direct, and focused only on lasers and optics* Integrates aspects of laser oscillators, laser amplifiers, laser systems, engineering of rugged laser cavities, design and engineering of laser-based instrumentation, and design of highly reliable laser systems for material processing applications...

Sea Level Rise, History and Consequences includes a special emphasis on the evidence for historical sea level change; case studies are used to demonstrate the resulting consequences. A CD-ROM is included which contain tide gauge data and trends of relative sea level from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. The material on the CD-ROM is either in the form of text files, or web sites that can be opened by widely available web-browsers.Sea level is expected to rise as much as 60-100 centimeters over the next century due to greenhouse-induced global warming -- or at least that is what the some scientists predict. However, the concept of sea level is extremely complex, which makes the prediction of sea level rise anything but certain. The reviewers are in consensus in enthusiastically endorsing this comprehensive book and CD-ROM treatment. This book will be a comprehensive review of the subject using the data themselves (on CD-ROM) to illustrate the principles involved, rather than detailed mathematical treatments. The book should be readily accessible to upper division and first-year graduate students in the environmental sciences, geography, geology, and other interdisciplinary fields. Four pages (up to 16 pages) of color in the printed text.The book will have wide appeal. It will be read by geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, oceanographers, meteorologists, environmental scientists, geomorphologists, coastal engineers, and policy makers in all of these fields. ..

The field of phase transitions and critical phenomena continues to be active in research, producing a steady stream of interesting and fruitful results. It has moved into a central place in condensed matter studies.Statistical physics, and more specifically, the theory of transitions between states of matter, more or less defines what we know about 'everyday' matter and its transformations.The major aim of this serial is to provide review articles that can serve as standard references for research workers in the field, and for graduate students and others wishing to obtain reliable information on important recent developments...

DescriptionAlthough most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, several strains can produce powerful toxins and cause severe illness in humans. This versatile pathogen is best known for being transmitted to humans through contaminated foods - such as undercooked meat and unpasteurized fruit juice - and has attracts much attention when serious outbreaks occur.Importance of TopicE. coli is capable of causing a wide variety of diseases - from urinary tract infections to meningitis. A considerable amount of media coverage has recently been devoted to one particular strain of E. coli, responsible for an estimated 73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths in the United States each year. Knowing more about the biology, the evolution, and the genetic basis of this pathogen is crucial to future prevention of infection and illness.Why This TitlePathogenic E. coli is a unique, comprehensive analysis of the biology and molecular mechanisms that enable this ubiquitous organism to thrive. Leading investigators in the field discuss the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis followed by chapters on genomics and evolution. Detailed descriptions of distinct strains reveal the molecular pathogenesis of each and the causes of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans. Pathogenic E. coli concludes with a presentation of virulance factors, common to two or more pathotypes. This unique collection presents timely and vital information on understanding the inner workings of E. coli, which will lend key insights into disease prevention research.Key Features* Single source of information of E. coli pathogenesis* Expert authors* Comprehensive coverage* Molecular mechanisms* Biology, evolution and genomics* Recent advances..

Computer graphics systems are capable of generating stunningly realistic images of objects that have never physically existed. In order for computers to create these accurately detailed images, digital models of appearance must include robust data to give viewers a credible visual impression of the depicted materials. In particular, digital models demonstrating the nuances of how materials interact with light are essential to this capability. This is the first comprehensive work on the digital modeling of material appearance: it explains how models from physics and engineering are combined with keen observation skills for use in computer graphics rendering.Written by the foremost experts in appearance modeling and rendering, this book is for practitioners who want a general framework for understanding material modeling tools, and also for researchers pursuing the development of new modeling techniques. The text is not a "how to" guide for a particular software system. Instead, it provides a thorough discussion of foundations and detailed coverage of key advances.Practitioners and researchers in applications such as architecture, theater, product development, cultural heritage documentation, visual simulation and training, as well as traditional digital application areas such as feature film, television, and computer games, will benefit from this much needed resource.ABOUT THE AUTHORSJulie Dorsey and Holly Rushmeier are professors in the Computer Science Department at Yale University and co-directors of the Yale Computer Graphics Group. François Sillion is a senior researcher with INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique), and director of its Grenoble Rhône-Alpes research center.* First comprehensive treatment of the digital modeling of material appearance;* Provides a foundation for modeling appearance, based on the physics of how light interacts with materials, how people perceive appearance, and the implications of rendering appearance on a digital computer;* An invaluable, one-stop resource for practitioners and researchers in a variety of fields dealing with the digital modeling of material appearance...