Critical distance methods are extremely useful for predicting fracture and fatigue in engineering components. They also represent an important development in the theory of fracture mechanics. Despite being in use for over fifty years in some fields, there has never been a book about these methods – until now. So why now? Because the increasing use of computer-aided stress analysis (by FEA and other techniques) has made these methods extremely easy to use in practical situations. This is turn has prompted researchers to re-examine the underlying theory with renewed interest. The book begins with a general introduction to the phenomena of mechanical failure in materials: a basic understanding of solid mechanics and materials engineering is assumed, though appropriate introductory references are provided where necessary. After a simple explanation of how to use critical distance methods, and a more detailed exposition of the methods including their history and classification, the book continues by showing examples of how critical distance approaches can be applied to predict fracture and fatigue in different classes of materials. Subsequent chapters include some more complex theoretical areas, such as multiaxial loading and contact problems, and a range of practical examples using case studies of real engineering components taken from the author’s own consultancy work. The Theory of Critical Distances will be of interest to a range of readers, from academic researchers concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject, to industrial engineers who wish to incorporate the method into modern computer-aided design and analysis.* Comprehensive collection of published data, plus new data from the author's own laboratories * A simple 'how-to-do-it' exposition of the method, plus examples and case studies * Detailed theoretical treatment * Covers all classes of materials: metals, polymers, ceramics and composites * Includes fracture, fatigue, fretting, size effects and multiaxial loading..

During the last century, nuclear power has been established as a reliable source of energy in the major industrialised countries. It has recently enjoyed a revival in attention and research due to the environmental concerns surrounding current conventional energy sources. Issues of regulation and safety are at the forefront of all discussions involving nuclear power, and will govern its place in the future. The Future of Nuclear Power takes a technical and comprehensive look at the current and future status of nuclear power throughout the world. The 17 chapters are divided into two main sections: a review of all current generation plants, and concepts for new advanced reactor design and safety.The broad-ranging topics covered by this publication, coupled with the current revival of interest in nuclear energy, make it a timely reference for all nuclear scientists.· Reviews the issues surrounding the future operation of existing commercial nuclear plants.· Several chapters dedicated to the extensive research programs in place concerning safe and reliable operation.· Compares nuclear and non-nuclear options for energy needs in the future; evaluating the benefits and risks of both...

Cryogenics is the study of low temperature interactions - temperatures well below those existing in the natural universe. The book covers a large spectrum of experimental cases, including basic vacuum techniques, indispensable in cryogenics. Guidance in solving experimental problems and numerous numerical examples are given, as are examples of the applications of cryogenics in such areas as underground detectors and space applications. Updated tables of low-temperature data on materials are also presented, and the book is supplemented with a rich bibliography. Key Features include: - Experiments described in technical detail- Description of newest cryogenic apparatus- Applications in multidisciplinary areas- Data on cryogenic properties of new materials- Current reference review Researchers (graduate and above) in the fields of physics, engineering and chemistry with an interest in the technology and applications of low-temperature measurements, will find this book invaluable.Key Features include: - Experiments described in technical detail- Description of newest cryogenic apparatus- Applications in multidisciplinary areas- Data on cryogenic properties of new materials- Current reference review..

'Representation in Mind' is the first book in the new series 'Perspectives on Cognitive Science' and includes well known contributors in the areas of philosophy of mind, psychology and cognitive science.The papers in this volume offer new ideas, fresh approaches and new criticisms of old ideas. The papers deal in new ways with fundamental questions concerning the problem of mental representation that one contributor, Robert Cummins, has described as "THE problem in philosophy of mind for some time now". The editors' introductory overview considers the problem for which mental representation has been seen as an answer, sketching an influential framework, outlining some of the issues addressed and then providing an overview of the papers. Issues include: the relation between mental representation and public, non-mental representation; misrepresentation; the role of mental representations in intelligent action; the relation between representation and consciousness; the relation between folk psychology and explanations invoking mental representations..

Modern plating technology is highly advanced, and has developed to cover a wide range of applications. In addition to the traditional use for surface finishing, plating technology can now offer novel processes to fabricate high-performance films or fine microstructural bodies in the microelectronics industry. This rapid progress reflects the potential for the electroplating plating method to become one of today's leading-edge technologies. This book will introduce a concept of a Microstructure Control Theory for plated films, describe and discuss various experimental results that support the theory, and finally, present a collection of experimental data on 53 types of plated metal/alloy systems with a special emphasis on their microstructure.The unique feature of this database is that most of the plating baths are simple and contain no additives. In addition, amorphous materials were used as substrates to avoid the effects of substrate structure, and single-crystal substrates were chosen to study the epitaxial growth phenomenon.* Contains a comprehensive database for the microstructure of plated films* The book is very logically structured with a very detailed contents which makes finding information easy* The book gives a very good overview of the research and development in this field and each chapter is fully referenced..

Fluorinated materials for energy conversion offers advanced information on the application of fluorine chemistry to energy conversion materials for lithium batteries, fuel cells, solar cells and so on. Fluorine compounds and fluorination techniques have recently gained important roles in improving the electrochemical characteristics of such energy production devices. The book therefore focuses on new batteries with high performance, the improvements of cell performance and the improvement of electrode and cell characteristics. The authors present new information on the effect of fluorine and how to make use of fluorination techniques and fluorine compounds. With emphasis on recent developments, this book is suitable for students, researchers and engineers working in chemistry, materials science and electrical engineering.* Contains practical information, supported by examples* Provides an update on recent developments in the field* Written by specialists working in fluorine chemistry, electrochemistry, polymer and solid state chemistry..

Fiber reinforced polymer composites are an extremely broad and versatile class of material.Their high strength coupled with lightweight leads to their use wherever structural efficiency is at a premium. Applications can be found in aircraft, process plants, sporting goods and military equipment. However they are heterogeneous in construction and antisotropic, which makes making strength prediction extremely difficult especially compared to that of a metal. This book brings together the results of a 12year worldwide failure exercise encompassing 19 theories in a single volume. Each contributor describes their own theory and employs it to solve 14 challenging problems. The accuracy of predictions and the performance of the theories are assessed and recommendations made on the uses of the theories in engineering design.All the necessary information is provided for the methodology to be readily employed for validating and benchmarking new theories as they emerge.Brings together 19 failure theories, with many application examples.Compares the leading failure theories with one another and with experimental dataFailure to apply these theories could result in potentially unsafe designs or over design...

Free radical reactions have become increasingly important and a very attractive tool in organic synthesis in the last two decades, due to their powerful, selective, specific, and mild reaction abilities. Advanced Free Radical Reactions for Organic Synthesis reviews information on all types of practical radical reactions, e.g. cyclizations, additions, hydrogen-atom abstractions, decarboxylation reactions. The book usefully provides experimental details for the most important reactions as well as numerous references to the original literature. By covering both the fundamentals and synthetic applications it is therefore suitable for both new and experienced researchers, chemists, biochemists, natural product chemists and graduate students. This title is the definitive guide to radical chemistry for all scientists.- Introduces and reviews the use of radicals to perform synthetic transformations. - Practical details are provided for the most important methods. - Numerous references to the original literature...

This book covers the most significant aspects of adsorption by carbons, attempting to fill the existing gap between the fields of adsorption and carbonaceous materials. Both basic and applied aspects are presented. The first section of the book introduces physical adsorption and carbonaceous materials, and is followed by a section concerning the fundamentals of adsorption by carbons. This leads to development of a series of theoretical concepts that serve as an introduction to the following section in which adsorption is mainly envisaged as a tool to characterize the porous texture and surface chemistry of carbons. Particular attention is paid to some novel nanocarbons, and the electrochemistry of adsorption by carbons is also addressed. Finally, several important technological applications of gas and liquid adsorption by carbons in areas such as environmental protection and energy storage constitute the last section of the book.- the first book to address the interplay between carbonaceous materials and adsorption- includes important environmental applications, such as the removal of volatile organic compounds from polluted atmospheres- covers both gas-solid and liquid-solid adsorption..

Wave energy, together with other renewable energy resources is expected to provide a small but significant proportion of future energy requirements without adding to pollution and global warming. This practical and concise reference considers alternative application methods, explains the concepts behind wave energy conversion and investigates wave power activities across the globe.Explores the potential of using the power generated by waves as a natural energy resourceConsiders the power transfer systems needed to do this, and looks at the environmental impacts..

The International Handbook on Innovation is the most comprehensive and authoritative account available of what innovation is, how it is measured, how it is developed, how it is managed, and how it affects individuals, companies, societies, and the world as a whole. Leading specialists from around the world, responsible for much of the current research in the field, analyze the multidisciplinary and multifaceted nature of innovation, its types and levels, its criteria, its development, its management, its specificity in various domains and contexts, and societal demands on it. They consider innovation from the viewpoints of psychology, management science, business, technology, sociology, philosophy, economics, history, education, art, and public policy.With contributions from over 90 distinguished authors covering 17 nations, readers will obtain expert insight into the latest research and future developments in the field of innovation. The Handbook will present many facets of innovation including its nature, its development, its measurement, its management, and its social, cultural, and historical context. The breadth of this work will allow the reader to acquire a comprehensive and panoramic picture of the nature of innovation within a single handbook. The reader will develop an accurate sense of what spurs potentially creative and innovative people and companies toward their extraordinary achievements and exceptional performances.The handbook can be used as a reference source for those who would like information about a particular topic, or from cover to cover either as a sourcebook or as a textbook in a course dealing with innovation. Anyone interested in knowing the wide range of issues regarding innovation will want to read this handbook.Contributions from over 90 distinguished authors covering 17 nations International in scope, reflecting global perspectives Essential reading for researchers and practitioners in the fields of psychology, management science, business, technology, sociology, philosophy, economics, history, education art, and public policy..

This book covers a broad group of wastes, from biowaste to hazardous waste, but primarily the largest (by mass and volume) group of wastes that are not hazardous, but also are not inert, and are problematic for three major reasons: (1) they are difficult to manage because of their volume: usually they are used in civil engineering as a common fill etc., where they are exposed to environmental conditions almost the same way as at disposal sites; (2) they are not geochemically stable and in the different periods of environmental exposure undergo transformations that might add hazardous properties to the material that are not displayed when it is freshly generated; (3) many designers and researchers in different countries involved in waste management are often not aware of time-delayed adverse environmental impact of some large-volume waste, and also do not consider some positive properties that may extend the area of their environmentally beneficial application...

This is the first book of its kind on seismic amplitude inversion in the context of reflection tomography. The aim of the monograph is to advocate the use of ray-amplitude data, separately or jointly with traveltime data, in reflection seismic tomography.The emphasis of seismic exploration is on imaging techniques, so that seismic section can be interpreted directly as a geological section. In contrast it is perhaps ironic that, in decades of industrial seismology, one major aspect of waveform data that potentially is easier to measure and analyse has generally been ignored. That is, the information content of seismic amplitudes. Perhaps the potential complexity has deterred most researchers from a more thorough investigation of the practical use of seismic amplitude data. The author of this volume presents an authoritative and detailed study of amplitude data, as used in conjunction with traveltime data, to provide better constraints on the variation of seismic wave speed in the subsurface.One of the fundamental problems in conventional reflection seismic tomography using only traveltime data is the possible ambiguity between the velocity variation and the reflector depth. The inclusion of amplitude data in the inversion may help to resolve this problem because the amplitudes and traveltimes are sensitive to different features of the subsurface model, and thereby provide more accurate information about the subsurface structure and the velocity distribution. An essential goal of this monograph is to make the amplitude inversion method work with real reflection seismic data. ..

The advent of radionuclide methods in geochronology has revolutionized our understanding of modern sedimentary processes in aquatic systems. This book examines the principles of the method and its use as a quantitative tool in marine geology, with emphasis on the Pb-210 method. The assumptions and consequences of models and their behaviour are described providing the necessary background to assess the advantages and trade-offs involved when choosing a particular model for application. One of the purposes of this volume is to disentangle the influences of complicating factors, such as sediment flux variations, post-depositional diffusion of radionuclides, and bio-irrigation of sediments, to arrive at sediment ages and to properly assess the attendant data uncertainty. Environmental impacts of chemical, nuclear, or other waste material are of concern in a variety of areas around the world today. A number of relevant examples are included, demonstrating how dating models are useful for determining sources of contaminants and interpreting their influence on the environment.The book is set at a level so that an able student or professional should have no difficulty in following the procedures and methods developed. Each chapter includes case histories showing the strengths and weaknesses of a given procedure with respect to a data example. Included with this volume is the computer source code of a new generation of modelling tools based on inverse numerical analysis techniques. This first generation of the modelling tool is included, along with detailed instructions and examples for its use, in an appendix. ..

Zuckerman received his Ph.D. in psychology from New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science in 1954 with a specialization in clinical psychology. After graduation, he worked for three years as a clinical psychologist in state hospitals in Norwich, Connecticut and Indianapolis, Indiana. While in the latter position the Institute for Psychiatric Research was opened in the same medical center where he was working as a clinical psychologist. He obtained a position there with a joint appointment in the department of psychiatry. This was his first interdisciplinary experience with other researchers in psychiatry, biochemistry, psychopharmacology, and psychology.His first research areas were personality assessment and the relation between parental attitudes and psychopathology. During this time, he developed the first real trait-state test for affects, starting with the Affect Adjective Check List for anxiety and then broadening it to a three-factor trait-state test including anxiety, depression, and hostility (Multiple Affect Adjective Check List). Later, positive affect scales were added.Toward the end of his years at the institute, the first reports of the effects of sensory deprivation appeared and he began his own experiments in this field. These experiments, supported by grants from NIMH, occupied him for the next 10 years during his time at Brooklyn College, Adelphi University, and the research labs at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia. This last job was his second interdisciplinary experience working in close collaboration with Harold Persky who added measures of hormonal changes to the sensory deprivation experiments. He collaborated with Persky in studies of hormonal changes during experimentally (hypnotically) induced emotions.During his time at Einstein, he established relationships with other principal investigators in the area of sensory deprivation and they collaborated on the book Sensory Deprivation: 15 years of research edited by John Zubek (1969). His chapter on theoretical constructs contained the idea of using individual differences in optimal levels of stimulation and arousal as an explanation for some of the variations in response to sensory deprivation. The first sensation seeking scale (SSS) had been developed in the early 1960's based on these constructs.At the time of his move to the University of Delaware in 1969, he turned his full attention to the SSS as the operational measure of the optimal level constructs. This was the time of the drug and sexual revolutions on and off campuses and research relating experience in these areas to the basic trait paid off and is continuing to this day in many laboratories. Two books have been written on this topic: Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal, 1979; Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, 1994. Research on sensation seeking in America and countries around the world continues at an unabated level of journal articles, several hundred appearing since the 1994 book on the subject...

A hydrocode refers to a computer program used for the study of the dynamic response of materials and structures to impulse (primary blast), impact (involving everything from car and aircraft collisions to impacts of space structures by assorted debris). The understanding of hydrocodes requires knowledge of numerical methods in the code as well as a keen understanding of the physics of the problem being addressed. This can take many years to learn via codes. There are currently a number of titles addressing the physics of high pressure and high rate material but nothing introducing the novice to the fundamentals of this highly technical and complicated study. This title bridges the gap, bringing together the large body of literature, scattered through diverse journals, government and corporate reports and conference proceedings. As valuable as the text are the cited references and the combination will take years off the preparation time of future code users.* Introduces complex physics essential for the understanding of hydrocodes * Infused with over 30 years practical experience in the field* Brings together a wide range of literature saving valuable research time..