Bioenergy Options for a Cleaner Environment describes the biomass resource and its delivery. A panel of international experts describe the range of conversion technologies both commercially available and under development, and explore the technical, environmental and socio-economic barriers and benefits of using biomass in both developed and developing countries.*Covers a number of perspectives, taking the reader through the whole process from the bioenergy resource through conversion to fuel, to policy issues.*World class Editor and contributors*Accessible and useful to those working in agriculture, forestry and planning, as well as energy researchers...

Application of Fracture Mechanics to Polymers, Adhesives and Composites..

Modelling and Computation of Turbulent Flows has been written by one of the most prolific authors in the field of CFD. Professor of aerodynamics at SUPAERO and director of DMAE at ONERA, the author calls on both his academic and industrial experience when presenting this work. The field of CFD is strongly represented by the following corporate companies; Boeing; Airbus; Thales; United Technologies and General Electric, government bodies and academic institutions also have a strong interest in this exciting field. Each chapter has also been specifically constructed to constitute as an advanced textbook for PhD candidates working in the field of CFD, making this book essential reading for researchers, practitioners in industry and MSc and MEng students.* A broad overview of the development and application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), with real applications to industry* A Free CD-Rom which contains computer program’s suitable for solving non-linear equations which arise in modeling turbulent flows* Professor Cebeci has published over 200 technical papers and 14 books, a world authority in the field of CFD..

Traditionally society has regulated hazardous industries by detailed references to engineering codes, standards and hardware requirements. These days a risk-based approach is adopted. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, categorizing the risks, and providing the necessary decision support to determine the necessary arrangements and measures to reach a "safe" yet economical operating level. When adopting such an approach the abundance of techniques available to express risk levels can often prove confusing and inadequate. This highly practical guide to safety and risk analysis in Marine Systems not only adds to the current techniques available, but more importantly identifies instances where traditional techniques fall short. Uncertainties that manifest within risk analysis are highlighted and alternative solutions presented. In addition to risk analysis techniques this book addresses influencing elements including: reliability, Maintenance Decision making and Human error. The highly practical approach of this title ensures it is accessible to the widest possible audience..

Simulation Methods for ESD Protection Development looks at the integration of new techniques into a comprehensive development flow, which is now available due advances made in the field during the recent years. These findings allow for an early, stable ESD concept at a very early stage of the technology development, which is essential now development cycles have been reduced. The book also offers ways of increasing the optimization and control of the technology concerning performance. Thus making the process more cost effective and increasingly efficientThis title provides a guide through the latest research and technology presenting the ESD protection development methodology. This is based on a combination of process, device and circuit stimulation, and addresses the optimization of the industry critical issue, reduced development cycles.Written to address the needs of the ESD engineer, this text is required reading by all industry practitioners and researchers and students within this field.The FIRST Extensive overview on the subject of ESD simulation· Addresses the industry critical issue of reduced development cycles, and provides solutions· Presents the latest research in the field with high practical relevance and its results..

Whenever radioactivity is released to the atmosphere, for example by the detonation of nuclear weapons or the testing of nuclear weapons or from nuclear reactor accidents that fraction of it which remains airborne for more than a few hours is liable to be attached to aerosol particles. The resulting radioactive aerosols are carried by atmospheric mixing processes until they settle out or are scavenged by precipitation. The radiation exposure pathway of maximum concern to humans is by inhalation of aerosols and their deposition in the respiratory tract. In this context, it is important to note that radioactive aerosols are commonly of natural origin alos. In particular, the associated radionuclides can be of natural terrestrial origin, such as the decay products of radon gas, or they can e cosmogenic, such as beryllium-7. The exposure of miners of uranium and other ores and minerals to radon and its aerosol-borne decay products is of major significance. The book describes the formation of aerosols, their aerodynamic size distribution, their atmospheric residence time, their sampling and measurement, the range of radioactive aerosols found and studied thus far, including man-made nuclides and radon decay products and their interaction with man, including deposition in the lung and subsequent health effects.* Advanced level science handbook for researchers, scientists and academics * Covers all aspects of radiation exposure in humans, including subsequent health implications* Presents the latest findings and analysis in this highly topical area..

This volume of Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry (PHC) is the fourteenth annual review of the literature, covering the work published on important heterocyclic ring systems during 2001. In this volume there are two specialized reviews. The first, by Jan Bergman and Tomasz Janosik, covers their work on sulfur-containing indoles. The second, by David Knight, discusses 5-endo-trig iodocyclisations. The subsequent chapters, arranged by increasing heterocycle ring size, review recent advances in the field of heterocyclic chemistry with emphasis on synthesis and reactions...

This monograph series is commissioned by the Phytochemical Society of North America (PSNA). The volumes in this series contain articles on developing topics of interest to scientists, students and individuals interested in recent developments in the biochemistry, chemistry and molecular biology of plants. Volume 36 centers on the role of phytochemistry in the rapid developments in biology brought about by the application of large-scale genomics approaches. Several functional genomic approaches discussed in this volume address plant gene function on a large scale. Plants are combinatorial chemists par excellence, and understanding the principles that relate enzyme structure to function will open up unlimited possibilities for the rational design of new enzymes to generate novel biologically active natural products. Knowledge of the molecular genetics of plant natural product pathways will also facilitate the engineering of these pathways for plant improvement and human benefit. Phytochemistry truly has a great future in the genomics and post-genomics eras...

Arc welding is one of the key processes in industrial manufacturing, with welders using two types of processes - gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). This new book provides a survey-oriented account of the modeling, sensing, and automatic control of the GMAW process.Researchers are presented with the most recent information in the areas of modeling, sensing and automatic control of the GMAW process, collecting a number of original research results on the topic from the authors and colleagues.Providing an overview of a variety of topics, this book looks at the classification of various welding processes; the modeling aspects of GMAW; physics of welding; metal transfer characteristics; weld pool geometry; process voltages and variables; power supplies; sensing (sensors for arc length, weld penetration control, weld pool geometry, using optical and intelligent sensors); control techniques of PI, PID, multivariable control, adaptive control, and intelligent control. Finally, the book illustrates a case study presented by the authors and their students at Idaho State University, in collaboration with researchers at the Idaho National Engineering and Environment Laboratory. ..

As electricity generators and process industries are increasingly seeking less expensive fuels for the generation of electricity and process heat, there is an ever-increasing industry-led emphasise on exploring the possibility of utilising opportunity fuels. This book considers a diverse range of opportunity fuels and their application by addressing the following fundamental issues: * What are the specific fuel properties of these opportunity fuels? * What are the combustion/conversion characteristics of these fuels fired alone or in combination with conventional fossil fuels? * How are they best applied in energy settings? * What are the technical and environmental consequences of their use? In considering these fuels the book presents detailed updated information on fuel characterization approaches and fuel utilization technologies.* Explores environmental considerations associated with opportunity fuels, such as, how their utilisation of opportunity fuels can reduce airborne emissions* Provides professionals in energy generation/energy use industries, a clear definition of fuels of opportunity, evaluates their composition, highlights the modern characteristics, and considers the technologies appropriate for their utilisation in energy applications* Offers in-depth analysis of opportunity fuel usage, with a strong concentration on the relationship between the combustion processes and subsequent consequences to the structure, reactivity, and related properties of opportunity fuels..

Cold formed structural members are being used more widely in routine structural design as the world steel industry moves from the production of hot-rolled section and plate to coil and strip, often with galvanised and/or painted coatings. Steel in this form is more easily delivered from the steel mill to the manufacturing plant where it is usually cold-rolled into open and closed section members.This book not only summarises the research performed to date on cold form tubluar members and connections but also compares design rules in various standards and provides practical design examples...

The author's ambition for this publication was to make BEM accessible to the student as well as to the professional engineer. For this reason, his maintask was to organize and present the material in such a way so that the book becomes "user-friendly" and easy to comprehend, taking into account only the mathematics and mechanics to which students have been exposed during their undergraduate studies. This effort led to an innovative, in many aspects, way of presentingBEM, including the derivation of fundamental solutions, the integral representation of the solutions and the boundary integral equations for various governing differentialequations in a simple way minimizing a recourse to mathematics with which the student is not familiar. The indicial and tensorial notations, though they facilitate the author's work and allow to borrow ready to use expressions from the literature, have been avoided in the present book. Nevertheless, all the necessary preliminary mathematical concepts have been included in order to make the book complete and self-sufficient.Throughout the book, every concept is followed by example problems, which have been worked out in detail and with all the necessary clarifications. Furthermore, each chapter of the book is enriched with problems-to-solve. These problems serve a threefold purpose. Some of them are simple and aim at applying and better understanding the presented theory, some others are more difficult and aim at extending the theory to special cases requiring a deeper understanding of the concepts, and others are small projects which serve the purpose of familiarizing the student with BEM programming and the programs contained in the CD-ROM.The latter class of problems is very important as it helps students to comprehend the usefulness and effectiveness of the method by solving real-life engineering problems. Through these problems students realize that the BEM is a powerful computational tool and not an alternative theoretical approach for dealing with physical problems. My experience in teaching BEM shows that this is the students' most favorite type of problems. They are delighted to solve them, since they integrate their knowledge and make them feel confident in mastering BEM.The CD-ROM which accompanies the book contains the source codes of all the computer programs developed in the book, so that the student or the engineer can use them for the solution of a broad class of problems. Among them are general potential problems, problems of torsion, thermal conductivity,deflection of membranes and plates, flow of incompressible fluids, flow through porous media, in isotropic or anisotropic, homogeneous or composite bodies, as well as plane elastostatic problems in simply or multiply connected domains. As one can readily find out from the variety of the applications, the book is useful for engineers of all disciplines. The author is hopeful that the present book will introduce the reader to BEM in an easy, smooth and pleasant way and also contribute to itsdissemination as a modern robust computational tool for solving engineering problems...

This collected volume of authoritative articles represents the state-of-the-art in arsenic research. Arsenic experts from around the world, participants in the Fourth International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects organized by the Society of Environmental Geochemistry and Health in 2000, present their critical findings.A vital contribution to arsenic study and policy making, this volume examines the global impact of the toxin and discusses arsenic in the environment, mechanisms of arsenic metabolism and carcinogenesis, water treatment technology, and medical care. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects offers informed, challenging insights into a highly important and controversial topic...

A book that goes behind the more official presentations and accounts of research methods to explore the lived experiences, joys and mistakes of a wide range of international researchers principally working in the fields of accounting and finance, but also in management, economics and other social sciences. The authors of the articles in this book address a wide range of issues and obstacles that they have confronted at various stages in their respective research careers. In reflecting on their personal experiences, they provide practical guidance on how to overcome the types of problems that typically confront academic researchers in their day-to-day work.Includes:- Practical tips on how to undertake research and get findings published- Research project management skills- Inernational and interdisciplinary perspectives..

* Expert, up-to-date guidance on the appropriate techniques of local chemical analysis * Comprehensive. This volume is an ideal starting point for material research and development, bringing together a number of techniques usually only found in isolation * Recent examples of the applications of techniques are provided in all cases Helping to solve the problems of materials scientists in academia and industry, this book offers guidance on appropriate techniques of chemical analysis of materials at the local level, down to the atomic scale. Comparisons are made between various techniques in terms of the nature of the probe employed. The detection limit and the optimum spatial resolution is also considered, as well as the range of atomic number that may be identified and the precision and methods of calibration, where appropriate. The Local Chemical Analysis of Materials is amply illustrated allowing the reader to easily see typical results. It includes a comparative table of techniques to aid selection for analysis and a table of acronyms, particularly valuable in this jargon-riddled area...

This book seeks to explore seismic phenomena in elastic media and emphasizes the interdependence of mathematical formulation and physical meaning. The purpose of this title - which is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as scientists interested in quantitative seismology - is to use aspects of continuum mechanics, wave theory and ray theory to describe phenomena resulting from the propagation of waves.The book is divided into three parts: Elastic continua, Waves and rays, and Variational formulation of rays. In Part I, continuum mechanics are used to describe the material through which seismic waves propagate, and to formulate a system of equations to study the behaviour of such material. In Part II, these equations are used to identify the types of body waves propagating in elastic continua as well as to express their velocities and displacements in terms of the properties of these continua. To solve the equations of motion in anisotropic inhomogeneous continua, the high-frequency approximation is used and establishes the concept of a ray. In Part III, it is shown that in elastic continua a ray is tantamount to a trajectory along which a seismic signal propagates in accordance with the variational principle of stationary travel time...